1. NaOH is a strong base, HCI is a strong acid, and HCOOH is a weak acid. A. Which titration is between a strong acid and a strong base? b. Which titration is between a weak acid and a strong base?

IUPAC nomenclature is a set of rules and guidelines established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) for naming chemical compounds. The names of the given compounds are:

IUPAC naming provides a systematic and consistent approach to assigning unique and unambiguous names to chemical substances. It allows for effective communication and understanding among chemists worldwide. The IUPAC nomenclature covers a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds.

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To make 50 L of a solution that is 62% acid, the chemist will need 30 L of the 80% acid solution and 20 L of the 30% acid solution.

How to calculate the number of liters needed?

Let's assume the chemist needs x liters of the 80% acid solution and y liters of the 30% acid solution to make 50 L of a 62% acid solution.

We can set up two equations based on the acid content:

Equation 1: (0.80)(x) + (0.30)(y) = (0.62)(50)

Equation 2: x + y = 50

Simplifying Equation 1, we have:

0.80x + 0.30y = 31

To solve the system of equations, we can multiply Equation 2 by 0.30 and subtract it from Equation 1:

0.80x + 0.30y - 0.30x - 0.30y = 31 - (0.30)(50)

0.50x = 16

x = 32

Substituting the value of x into Equation 2, we can solve for y:

32 + y = 50

y = 18

Therefore, the chemist will need 32 liters of the 80% acid solution and 18 liters of the 30% acid solution to make 50 L of a solution that is 62% acid.

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The width of the rigid box is [tex]3.94 * 10^-^1^0[/tex] meters which can be determined by calculating the corresponding wavelength of the electron using its energy level in the ground state.

The energy level of an electron in a rigid box is given by the equation [tex]E = (n^2 * h^2)/(8 * m * L^2)[/tex], where E is the energy level, n is the quantum number (in this case, n = 1 for the ground state), h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of the electron, and L is the width of the box. Given that the energy level is 5.0 eV, we can convert it to joules ([tex]1 eV = 1.6 * 10^-^1^9 J[/tex]) and substitute the values into the equation. Solving for L, we find that the width of the box is approximately [tex]3.94 * 10^-^1^0[/tex] meters.

To calculate the width of the box, we use the equation for the energy level of an electron in a rigid box and substitute the given values. The resulting equation can be solved to find the width of the box, which is approximately [tex]3.94 * 10^-^1^0[/tex] meters. This calculation helps determine the spatial confinement of the electron in the box and is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics.

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The step that should be taken to remove air bubbles from the buret tip Ensure that the buret is properly clamped or held securely in an upright position.

An air bubble is a small pocket or sphere of air trapped within a liquid or a solid substance. In the context of liquids, such as water or other fluids, air bubbles often form due to the presence of dissolved gases (like oxygen or carbon dioxide) or through mechanical means like agitation or turbulence. When a liquid is agitated or subjected to pressure changes, it can cause air to be trapped and form bubbles.

Air bubbles are also commonly found in various solid materials, such as glass, plastic, or certain foods like bread or cake. During the manufacturing or baking process, gases, particularly carbon dioxide, can be released and get trapped within the material, leading to the formation of bubbles.

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The overall reaction order is the sum of these exponents, which is 1+1=2. This indicates that the reaction is second order overall. It's important to note that the rate constant (k) also affects the rate of the reaction, but it does not contribute to the overall reaction order.

To determine the overall reaction order, we need to add up the orders of each reactant. In this case, the rate law is rate=k[h2][i2]. This means that the rate of the reaction depends on the concentrations of both H2 and I2, and the exponents of these concentrations represent the individual reaction orders. Therefore, the overall reaction order is the sum of these exponents, which is 1+1=2. This indicates that the reaction is second order overall. It's important to note that the rate constant (k) also affects the rate of the reaction, but it does not contribute to the overall reaction order.

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Lead is not a transition element. Copper is a transition element because it has an incomplete d-subshell in its ground state electronic configuration. Molybdenum and zirconium are also transition elements because they have incomplete d-subshells in their ground state electronic configurations.

Lead, on the other hand, is not a transition element because it has a completely filled d-subshell in its ground state electronic configuration. This means that lead does not exhibit typical transition metal properties such as variable oxidation states and the formation of colored complexes. The distinction between transition and non-transition elements is based on the electronic configuration of the atoms. Transition elements have partially filled d-orbitals while non-transition elements have either full d-orbitals or no d-orbitals at all.

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The ion typically formed by fluorine is the fluoride ion (F-).

Fluorine, as an element, has a strong tendency to gain one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration, following the octet rule. By gaining an electron, fluorine achieves a full valence shell with eight electrons, resembling the electron configuration of a noble gas. As a result, fluorine forms the fluoride ion (F-) by gaining one electron. The fluoride ion carries a charge of -1 due to the additional electron, balancing the charge of the fluorine atom. This ion is highly stable and plays important roles in various chemical and biological processes.

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Distillation is a useful technique in the synthesis and reactions of alkenes as it can help increase the yield by shifting the equilibrium towards the product side.

The synthesis of alkenes involves the elimination of a leaving group from a substrate. This can be achieved through various reactions such as dehydration of alcohols, dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, and dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides. Once the reaction is complete, the product mixture may contain a combination of desired and undesired products, and may also be in equilibrium with the reactants. Distillation can be used to separate the desired product from the reaction mixture, which helps to shift the equilibrium towards the product side, ultimately increasing the yield.

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The weight/volume percent of sugar in the soda is approximately 10606.06%.

To calculate the weight/volume percent (w/v%) of sugar in soda, we need to divide the mass of sugar by the volume of soda and multiply by 100.

w/v% = (mass of sugar / volume of soda) * 100

Given:

Mass of sugar = 35.0 g

Volume of soda = 330.0 mL

First, we need to convert the volume from milliliters to liters:

Volume of soda = 330.0 mL = 0.330 L

Now we can calculate the w/v%:

w/v% = (35.0 g / 0.330 L) * 100 = 10606.06 %

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To calculate the amount of moles of oxygen that reacts with 100.0 g of octane, we need to first find the number of moles of octane using its molar mass.
100.0 g of octane = 100.0 g / 114.33 g/mol = 0.8752 moles of octane

From the balanced equation, we can see that for every 2 moles of octane, 25 moles of oxygen are required.

Therefore, we can set up a proportion to find the number of moles of oxygen required for 0.8752 moles of octane:
2 moles octane : 25 moles oxygen = 0.8752 moles octane : x moles oxygen
x = (25 moles oxygen * 0.8752 moles octane) / 2 moles octane
x = 10.94 moles of oxygen

So, the amount of moles of oxygen that reacts with 100.0 g of octane is 10.94 moles.

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The two Group B cations that form insoluble hydroxides when NH3 is added but dissolve when excess NaOH is added are Al3+ and Cr3+.

When NH3 is added to a solution containing Al3+ and Cr3+ ions, it forms insoluble hydroxides, Al(OH)3 and Cr(OH)3, respectively. These hydroxides are not very soluble and precipitate out of the solution. However, when excess NaOH is added, it reacts with the insoluble hydroxides, forming soluble complex ions. The resulting compounds, Na[Al(OH)4] and Na[Cr(OH)4], are soluble in water.

This behavior is due to the amphoteric nature of aluminum (Al) and chromium (Cr) ions. They can act as both acids and bases, forming different soluble complexes depending on the pH conditions. In the presence of NH3, they act as acids and form insoluble hydroxides. With excess NaOH, they act as bases and form soluble complex ions.

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The standard-state entropy change for the given reaction is -258.9 J/(mol·K).

What is entropy?

Entropy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics that measures the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. It is a measure of the distribution of energy within a system and provides insight into the system's behavior and the direction of spontaneous processes.

To calculate the standard-state entropy change (ΔS°) for a reaction, we can use the standard molar entropies (S°) of the reactants and products. The formula is:

ΔS° = ΣnS°(products) - ΣmS°(reactants)

Where n and m are the stoichiometric coefficients of the products and reactants, respectively, and S° represents the standard molar entropy.

Using this formula and the standard molar entropies from reliable sources, we can calculate the ΔS° for the given reaction:

Reactants: 6 [tex]CO_2[/tex](g) + 6[tex]H_2O[/tex](l)

Products: 1 [tex]1C_6H_{12}O_6(s) + 6 O_2(g)[/tex]

To calculate ΔS°, we need to know the standard molar entropies of each species involved. Let's assume the values as follows:

S°([tex]CO_2[/tex]) = 213.6 J/(mol·K)

S°([tex]H_2O[/tex]) = 69.9 J/(mol·K)

S°([tex]C_6H_{12}O_6[/tex]) = 212.1 J/(mol·K)

S°([tex]O_2[/tex]) = 205.0 J/(mol·K)

Now,

ΔS° = (1 * 212.1 J/(mol·K) + 6 * 205.0 J/(mol·K)) - (6 * 213.6 J/(mol·K) + 6 * 69.9 J/(mol·K))

Simplifying the equation:

ΔS° = 212.1 J/(mol·K) + 1230 J/(mol·K) - 1281.6 J/(mol·

ΔS° = 212.1 J/(mol·K) + 1230 J/(mol·K) - 1281.6 J/(mol·K) - 419.4 J/(mol·K)

Calculating the values:

ΔS° = -258.9 J/(mol·K)

Therefore, the standard-state entropy change (ΔS°) for the given reaction is -258.9 J/(mol·K).

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To identify the element oxidized, reduced, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent in the given redox reaction, we need to determine the changes in oxidation numbers for each element involved.

Let's analyze the oxidation numbers for the elements:

3F2 + 2Cr + 6OH- -> 2Cr(OH)3 + 6F-

In the reactants, each fluorine (F) atom has an oxidation number of -1 since it is a diatomic molecule, and oxygen (O) is generally assigned an oxidation number of -2. Hydrogen (H) in hydroxide (OH-) has an oxidation number of +1.

In the products, chromium (Cr) in Cr(OH)3 has an oxidation number of +3, while fluorine (F) in F- has an oxidation number of -1.

From the changes in oxidation numbers, we can determine the following:

Element oxidized: Chromium (Cr) has changed from an oxidation number of 0 in Cr to +3 in Cr(OH)3. It has lost electrons and undergone oxidation.

Element reduced: Fluorine (F) has changed from an oxidation number of 0 in F2 to -1 in F-. It has gained electrons and undergone reduction.

Oxidizing agent: Fluorine (F) is the oxidizing agent since it causes the oxidation of chromium by accepting electrons.

Reducing agent: Chromium (Cr) is the reducing agent since it causes the reduction of fluorine by donating electrons.

Therefore, in the given redox reaction, chromium (Cr) is oxidized, fluorine (F) is reduced, fluorine (F) is the oxidizing agent, and chromium (Cr) is the reducing agent.

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Among the given salts, The salts with the correct stoichiometry to adopt the fluorite or anti-fluorite structures are GeO2 and Rb2O.

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The correct IUPAC name for (CH3)3CCH2C(CH3)3 is (2) 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethylpropane.

IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecule's longest chain of carbons connected by single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring.

The compound consists of a propane backbone with six methyl groups attached to the carbon atoms. According to IUPAC nomenclature rules, the longest continuous carbon chain is taken as the parent chain, which in this case is propane. The six methyl groups are then indicated by the prefix "hexamethyl," and the position of each methyl group is specified by the numbers 1 and 3.

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The percentage of the acid that is ionized in the 0.077 m solution of an acid HA with pH 2.16 is 4.48%.

Let's assume that x represents the percentage of the acid that ionizes, which would be equal to the percentage of the acid that deionizes. We know that pH = -log[H⁺]. We can rearrange this formula as follows:

[H⁺] = [tex]10^{-pH}[/tex]

The concentration of the acid HA is 0.077 M. We can assume that x% of the acid dissociates according to the following equation:

HA (aq) + H₂O (l) ⇌ H₃O⁺ (aq) + A⁻(aq)

Since the initial concentration of HA is 0.077 M, the initial concentration of H₃O⁺ and A⁻ are both equal to zero. However, as the acid ionizes, the concentration of H₃O⁺ and A⁻ both increase by x%.

The equilibrium constant for this reaction is called the acid ionization constant, Ka.

Ka = [H₃O⁺][A⁻]/[HA]

We can solve for [H₃O⁺] by first plugging in the values we know for Ka, [A⁻], and [HA]:

Ka = [H₃O⁺][A⁻]/[HA]

1.8 x 10⁻⁵ = x² / (0.077 - x)

Now we have a quadratic equation that we can solve for x:

x² = 1.8 x 10⁻⁵ (0.077 - x)

x = 0.0448 (to three significant figures)

Therefore, the percentage of the acid that ionizes is 4.48%.

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The energy required to ionize a hydrogen atom is 0.544 electronvolts (eV).

What is ionization energy?

Ionization energy, also known as ionization potential, is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or a positively charged ion. It is the minimum energy necessary to completely remove an electron from its orbital and create a positively charged ion.

To determine the energy required to ionize a hydrogen atom when its electron is in the n=5 state, we need to find the energy difference between the n=5 energy level and the ionization energy level, where the electron is completely removed from the atom.

The ionization energy of a hydrogen atom can be calculated using the formula:

Ionization Energy = [tex]\frac{-13.6 eV }{n^2}[/tex]

Where n is the principal quantum number of the energy level.

For the n=5 energy level, the ionization energy would be:

Ionization Energy = [tex]\frac{-13.6 eV}{5^2}[/tex]

Ionization Energy =[tex]\frac{ -13.6 eV}{25}[/tex]

Ionization Energy = -0.544 eV

Since the energy values are typically expressed as positive values, we can take the absolute value of the result:

Ionization Energy = |-0.544 eV|

Ionization Energy = 0.544 eV

Therefore, the energy required to ionize a hydrogen atom when its electron is in the n=5 state is 0.544 electronvolts (eV).

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The gravitational force between two objects in the solar system, like the Earth and the Moon, depends on the masses of the objects, the distance between them, and the universal gravitational constant. These factors collectively determine the strength of the gravitational force and play a fundamental role in celestial mechanics and the dynamics of objects in space.

The gravitational force between two objects in the solar system, such as between the Earth and the Moon, depends on several factors:

1. Mass of the objects: The gravitational force is directly proportional to the mass of both objects involved. In the case of the Earth and the Moon, the mass of each object plays a crucial role in determining the strength of the gravitational force between them.

2. Distance between the objects: The gravitational force decreases with increasing distance between the objects. It follows an inverse square law, meaning that the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects. Therefore, as the distance between the Earth and the Moon increases, the gravitational force between them decreases.

3. Universal gravitational constant (G): The gravitational force is also dependent on the universal gravitational constant, denoted as G. This constant provides the proportionality factor in the equation for gravitational force. It is a fundamental constant in physics and has a specific value.

The gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon is what keeps the Moon in its orbit around the Earth. The force of gravity pulls the Moon towards the Earth, while the Moon's velocity and inertia allow it to continually fall towards the Earth without colliding.

In summary, the gravitational force between two objects in the solar system, like the Earth and the Moon, depends on the masses of the objects, the distance between them, and the universal gravitational constant. These factors collectively determine the strength of the gravitational force and play a fundamental role in celestial mechanics and the dynamics of objects in space

.

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Therefore, the aqueous solutions of HC2H3O2, NaH2PO4/K2HPO4, HCHO2/NaCHO2, and NH4OH/NH4Cl will act as buffers.The following aqueous solutions will act as buffers.

HC2H3O2: Acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and its conjugate base, acetate ion (C2H3O2-), can form a buffer system. NaH2PO4 / K2HPO4: The combination of monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) and dibasic potassium phosphate (K2HPO4) can create a buffer system.

HCHO2 / NaCHO2: Formic acid (HCHO2) and its conjugate base, formate ion (CHO2-), can form a buffer system. NH4OH / NH4Cl: Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and its conjugate acid, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), can create a buffer system. The other options (HNO3, NaNO3, N2H4, N2H5Cl, Ca(OH)2, CaCl2, NaHSO4, and H2SO4) do not have the necessary conjugate acid-base pairs to act as buffers.

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At the triple point, all three phases of gallium can exist in equilibrium. However, if we slightly increase the pressure, one phase will become more stable than the others. In this case, we can use the densities of the phases to determine which phase will be stabilized.

Since the density of the solid phase is greater than that of the liquid and gas phases, increasing pressure will stabilize the solid phase. Therefore, the answer to the question is (a) Solid. It is important to note that this is assuming the temperature remains constant. If the temperature were to increase or decrease, the answer may change depending on the phase diagram of gallium at that temperature and pressure.
At the triple point (T=302 K, p=101 kPa), all three phases of gallium (solid, liquid, and gas) coexist in equilibrium. If we slightly increase the pressure, the phase with the highest density will be stabilized, as it can withstand the increased pressure better.
Comparing the densities of the phases:
(i) Solid: 5.91 g/cm^3
(ii) Liquid: 6.05 g/cm^3
(iii) Gas: 0.116 g/cm^3
The liquid phase has the highest density (6.05 g/cm^3). Therefore, upon a slight increase in pressure, the liquid phase of gallium will be stabilized in equilibrium. So, the answer is (c) Liquid.

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Answer: 28 grams

Explanation:

calculation of the mass :

x grams = (22.4/100) * 125 grams

to solve for x otherwise known as how many grams we need :

x grams = (22.4/100) * 125 grams

x grams = 0.224 * 125 grams

x grams = 28 grams

When helium compresses in volume with constant temperature, the entropy does not change.

Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. In the case of helium compressing in volume with constant temperature, the system remains at a constant temperature throughout the process. Since entropy is related to the distribution of energy and the number of microstates available to a system, changes in volume alone, at constant temperature, do not alter the entropy.

When helium is compressed, its volume decreases, but the system does not experience any change in energy or temperature. The arrangement and distribution of helium atoms remain the same, and there is no increase or decrease in the number of possible microscopic states. As a result, the entropy remains unchanged.

Therefore, when helium compresses in volume with constant temperature, there is no change in entropy as long as the temperature remains constant.

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All the options you provided are the same, and they are written correctly. The formula C6H12O6 represents glucose, a simple sugar and an essential source of energy for living organisms.

The formula C6H12O6 represents glucose, a simple sugar and an essential source of energy for living organisms. In chemistry, formulas should follow the standard notation rules for representing elements and their respective numbers. This typically involves using symbols for each element and subscript numbers to indicate the number of atoms present. Additionally, the formula should be written with proper capitalization and punctuation. If the formula follows these guidelines and accurately represents the chemical composition of the compound, it is likely written correctly.

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After diluting 10 mL of the HCl solution with a pH of 3 to a total volume of 1000 mL, the final pH of the solution will be 5.

The initial pH of the HCl solution is 3, and you're diluting 10 mL of the solution to a total volume of 1000 mL.

To find the final pH, we need to first determine the initial concentration of HCl. Using the pH formula:

pH = -log10[H+]

where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.

Rearranging the formula, we get:

[H+] = 10^(-pH)

[H+] = 10^(-3) = 0.001 M (initial concentration)

Next, we will apply the dilution formula:

C1V1 = C2V2

where C1 and V1 are the initial concentration and volume of the solution, and C2 and V2 are the final concentration and volume after dilution.

0.001 M × 0.01 L = C2 × 1 L

C2 = 0.00001 M (final concentration)

Now, we can calculate the final pH using the pH formula again:

pH = -log10[0.00001] = 5

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The molarity of the H₃PO₄ solution is approximately 3.0 M.

In what ratio do H₃PO₄ and Ba(OH)₂ react?

In the titration reaction between H₃PO₄ and Ba(OH)₂, they react in a 1:3 ratio based on the balanced chemical equation: H₃PO₄ + 3Ba(OH)₂ → Ba₃(PO₄)₂ + 6H₂O

Given that 12.0 mL of 3.5 M Ba(OH)₂ was required to reach the endpoint, we can determine the number of moles of Ba(OH)₂ used:

moles of Ba(OH)₂ = volume (L) × concentration (M) = 0.012 L × 3.5 M = 0.042 moles

Since H₃PO₄ and Ba(OH)₂ react in a 1:3 ratio, the number of moles of H₃PO₄ present in the sample is one-third of the moles of Ba(OH)₂ used:

moles of H₃PO₄ = 1/3 × 0.042 moles = 0.014 moles

Now, we can calculate the molarity of the H₃PO₄ solution:

Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution (L) = 0.014 moles / 0.030 L = 0.467 M

However, the stoichiometry of the reaction shows that one mole of H₃PO₄ corresponds to three moles of Ba(OH)₂. Therefore, we need to adjust the molarity by dividing by three:

Adjusted molarity = 0.467 M / 3 = 0.156 M

Rounding to the appropriate significant figures, the molarity of the H₃PO₄ solution is approximately 3.0 M.

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the final pressure is approximately 5.33 bars. The first step is to use the ideal gas law to calculate the number of moles of gas in each container: n = PV/RT.

Then, add the number of moles of each gas to get the total number of moles. Next, use the total number of moles and the volume of the flask to calculate the final pressure using the same equation: P = nRT/V. The final pressure in the flask containing the gas mixture is 5.31 bars. To find the final pressure of the gas mixture, we'll use the ideal gas law: PV = nRT. Here, P is pressure, V is volume, n is the amount of substance, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. Since the temperatures aren't mentioned, we'll assume they remain constant. The combined pressure is P_total = (P1V1 + P2V2) / V_total. Plugging in the given values, P_total = ((4.99 bars * 2.33 L) + (5.76 bars * 5.30 L)) / 8.29 L. After calculations, the final pressure is approximately 5.33 bars.

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If the concentration of OH- is decreased by a factor of 7, the rate of the reaction will decrease by the same factor. The overall reaction rate will decrease by a factor of 1/7th.

According to the given reaction, the rate is dependent on the concentration of both [tex]CH_3Br[/tex] and OH- as seen in the rate equation. This means that the rate will be 1/7th of its initial rate. However, the concentration of [tex]CH_3Br[/tex] has not changed and therefore, the reaction rate will still be first order with respect to [tex]CH_3Br[/tex]. This decrease in the reaction rate can be explained by the fact that the concentration of OH- is a limiting factor in this reaction. If the concentration of OH- is decreased, there are fewer particles available to react with [tex]CH_3Br[/tex] leading to a slower rate of reaction.

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Ethylamine (C₂H₅NH₂) is a weak Bonsted-Lowry base. If it has an initial molarity of 0.024 M and a Kb of 5.6 x 10⁻⁴, pH at equilibrium is 12.08.

The pH at equilibrium for ethylamine can be calculated using the Kb value and the initial molarity of the solution. By using the equation for the equilibrium constant expression and the relationship between OH- concentration and pOH, the pOH and pH values can be determined.

The equilibrium reaction for ethylamine (C₂H₅NH₂) in water can be represented as follows:

C₂H₅NH₂ ↔ C₂H₅NH³⁺ + OH-

The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is given by:

[tex]\frac{Kw}{Kb} = \frac{[OH-] [C_{2} H_{5} NH_{3+} ]}{[C_{2} H_{5} NH_{2} ]}[/tex]

Since ethylamine is a weak base, we can assume that the concentration of OH- at equilibrium is equal to the concentration of C₂H₅NH³⁺. Thus, the equilibrium constant expression simplifies to:

[tex]\frac{Kw}{Kb} = [OH-]^2/[C_{2} H_{5} NH_{2} ][/tex]

Given that the Kb value is 5.6 x 10⁻⁴ and the initial molarity of ethylamine is 0.024 M, we can substitute these values into the equilibrium constant expression to solve for [OH-]. Once we have [OH-], we can calculate pOH using the formula pOH = -log[OH-]. Finally, we can obtain the pH at equilibrium by subtracting the pOH from 14 (pH + pOH = 14).

pH + pOH = 14

pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(1.19 x 10⁻²) = 1.92

pH = 14 - 1.92 = 12.08

Note that in this explanation, the autoionization constant of water (Kw) is assumed to be 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C.

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