During metaphase II there will be twice as many chromosomes at the equator as the cell began within metaphase I.
Metaphase II is the second phase of meiosis and is characterized by the sister chromatids of the replicated chromosomes lining up at the equator of the cell. There will be twice as many chromosomes at the equator in this stage as present within metaphase I. Therefore, if the cell began with 4 chromosomes, there will be 8 chromosomes at the equator in metaphase II.
The chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell due to the spindle fibers that connect them. This process is facilitated by the motor proteins that attach to the kinetochore of the sister chromatids, and they use ATP to move the sister chromatids to the opposite poles. The amount of chromosomes that line up at the equator is determined by the number of replicated chromosomes that were created in prophase I.
Once the chromosomes are lined up at the equator, anaphase II begins and the sister chromatids are pulled apart to their respective poles. This separates the replicated chromosomes into haploid cells. Each of the two daughter cells has the same number of chromosomes as the original cell had at the beginning of metaphase I. This process is important for sexual reproduction, as it allows for the mixing of genetic material from the mother and father.
In summary, the number of chromosomes that line up at the equator in metaphase II is twice the amount that the cell started with in metaphase I.
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Hormones are chemicals secreted and regulated by the endocrine system.truefalse
True. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced and secreted by the endocrine system, which is made up of glands throughout the body.
These hormones are transported through the bloodstream to target cells and tissues, where they bind to specific receptors and initiate various physiological responses. The endocrine system plays a crucial role in regulating a wide range of functions in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, mood, and reproduction. The production and release of hormones are tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in the body. Hormonal imbalances can lead to various disorders and diseases, such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and hormonal cancers.
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emerging viruses arise by * 5 points a) mutation of existing viruses. b) the spread of existing viruses to new host species. c) the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species. d) all of the above
The emergence of new viruses can occur through a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) all of the above.
What is emerging viruses ?Emerging viruses are viruses that have recently appeared or are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. These viruses are often new strains or variants of known viruses that have mutated or evolved to become more virulent, infectious.
Emerging viruses can pose significant public health threats, as they often have no known treatments or vaccines and can rapidly spread from person to person.
Therefore, the correct option is D
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which of the following is true regarding surfactant? group of answer choices it is produced by the type i alveolar cells stiffens the lungs makes it harder to breathe it is important in preventing collapsing of alveoli increases surface tension
Surfactant is a substance produced by type I alveolar cells that lines the alveoli and reduces surface tension, making it easier to breathe.
It is an important component of the lungs, as it helps to prevent the collapse of alveoli and keeps the lungs inflated. Without surfactant, the alveoli would not be able to remain inflated, and this would make it harder to breathe.
Of the answers provided, only the first answer is true, that surfactant is produced by type I alveolar cells. The other answers are false, as surfactant does not increase surface tension, stiffen the lungs, or make it harder to breathe.
In summary, surfactant is a substance produced by type I alveolar cells that reduces surface tension and helps to prevent the collapse of alveoli, making it easier to breathe.
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where the mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice.
This mixture is known as chyme, and it is located in the stomach. Chyme is a viscous, semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is produced in the stomach during the process of digestion.
The stomach is a muscular sac that is lined with mucous membranes, and it is responsible for breaking down food into a form that can be absorbed by the body. When food enters the stomach, it is mixed with gastric juice, which is a combination of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes. The acidic environment of the stomach helps to break down proteins and other macromolecules into smaller pieces that can be absorbed by the small intestine.
Over time, the chyme becomes more and more liquid as it is broken down by the stomach's muscular contractions. Eventually, the chyme is released into the small intestine, where it is further broken down and absorbed into the bloodstream.
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Wade could tell it was the night before the trash pickup. The garbage can stank! What was it about summer that made the trash smell so bad, but the odor wasn't as bad during the winter months? Construct an explanation that details the role particle energy play in smell.
The role of particle energy in smell can be explained by the fact that odours are caused by the presence of specific molecules that are detected by the olfactory system in our nose.
Why is there a difference in smell during the summer and the winter?During the summer months, the increased temperatures cause particles in the trash to gain energy and move more rapidly, leading to an increase in the rate of chemical reactions that produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) responsible for the foul smell. These VOCs are released into the air as gases and contribute to the unpleasant odour.
On the other hand, during the winter months, the lower temperatures cause the particles in the trash to have less energy and move more slowly. This leads to a slower rate of chemical reactions and fewer VOCs being produced, resulting in a less intense odor.
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the population of humans on earth increased gradulaly unitil the nineteen centery, after which it increased exponitally due to the abaiblity of better medicicne and food prodict describe the kind of growth curve that human population has followed
If the population of humans have increased exponentially due to availability of medicine and food, then The S growth curve is the growth curve that has been followed.
What is the growth curve about?The kind of growth curve that human population has followed is an S-shaped logistic growth curve.
Initially, the growth rate was slow due to various factors such as limited access to resources and high infant mortality rates. However, with the advent of better medicine and agricultural practices in the 19th century, the growth rate started to increase exponentially.
As the population increased, the availability of resources became more limited, leading to a decrease in the growth rate. This decrease in growth rate is due to a combination of factors such as increased competition for resources, decreased fertility rates, and improved family planning.
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When configuring the background color of an element, the background color is applied to both the content and the ______ areas.
immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats?
Immediately after absorption, the circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats is: lymphatic system
Immediately after absorption, the lymphatic system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats. The lymphatic system is made up of a network of vessels and organs, including lymph nodes, that work together to transport lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells and other substances, throughout the body.
After fats and vitamins are absorbed from the digestive system, they are moved through the lymphatic system via lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. The lymphatic vessels pick up the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats and carry them to the lymph nodes where they are filtered before entering the bloodstream. From there, they are distributed to the organs and tissues of the body.
In summary, the lymphatic system is responsible for carrying fat-soluble vitamins and large fats immediately after absorption. It is made up of vessels and organs that transport lymph, which is then filtered by lymph nodes and then distributed to the organs and tissues of the body.
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2. A new moon occurs once every 29.5 days. Why must the Sun, Earth, and the Moon
be aligned in order for the new moon to occur?
A No sunlight is reflected off Earth at this point.
B Sunlight directed toward Earth is blocked by the Moon.
C The Moon does not orbit in the same plane as Earth.
D The Moon is not directing any light toward Earth at this point.
B. Sunlight directed toward Earth is blocked by the Moon.
The new moon occurs when the Moon is positioned between the Earth and the Sun, with the side of the Moon facing Earth not illuminated by the Sun.
What is Moon?
The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth and is the fifth largest moon in the Solar System. It is approximately one-quarter the size of Earth and is the largest natural satellite relative to its host planet. The Moon is the brightest and largest object in the night sky when viewed from Earth and has been studied and explored by humans and spacecraft for decades. The Moon's gravitational influence on Earth causes tides in the oceans and stabilizes the tilt of the planet's rotational axis, which in turn affects the planet's climate and weather patterns.
In this position, the Moon blocks the sunlight that would normally be reflected off of Earth, causing the Moon to be invisible to the eye from Earth.
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The average air temperature in Aracaju, Brazil, is warmer than Lima, Peru. How do the map and the evidence help explain the temperature difference?
After duplication, at what point does a cell become two cells with identical DNA?
starting in prophase
end of anaphase
end of cytokinesis
it is at the end of cytokinesis that a cell becomes two cells with identical DNA. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm and other cell contents are divided between the two daughter cells, and each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes that are identical to the parent cell.
What is DNA?
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. DNA is a long, double-stranded helix structure made up of four building blocks called nucleotides, which are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
The process of cell duplication or cell division involves several stages, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During mitosis, the cell undergoes a series of sub-stages, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During prophase, the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane breaks down. The chromosomes then attach to spindle fibers at the centromere region.
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what are the short, numerous, hairlike structures that surround some eukaryotic cells like a fringe and enable the cells to have coordinated movements?
The short, numerous, hair-like structures that surround some eukaryotic cells like a fringe and enable the cells to have coordinated movements are called cilia. These complex structures are composed of microtubules and are found on the surface of many types of cells.
Cilia are hair-like microscopic projections that can be found on the surfaces of some eukaryotic cells. They are numerous and are made up of microtubules arranged in a specific pattern. Cilia have a specific structure that varies depending on the type of cell they are found in. They are usually arranged in a coordinated manner to enable the cell to move in a specific direction.
Cilia can be found in many types of organisms, including unicellular organisms like protists and multicellular organisms like animals and plants. Cilia can be found in the lungs, where they help to remove mucus, and in the reproductive system, where they help move eggs along the fallopian tube.
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simba runs into another biome protecting himself from the hyenas because they refuse to enter.which biome is it
The other biome is a rainforest. Rainforests are often dense and difficult for large predators like hyenas to navigate, providing a safe refuge for animals like Simba.
Rainforests have a wide range of climates and environments, which can vary from the tropical to the temperate. They are also home to a variety of plants, animals, and insects, making them ideal for animals looking to escape predators. Rainforests also provide an abundance of food and water, allowing animals to live without fear of starvation.
The canopy, or the uppermost layer of the rainforest, also provides a natural camouflage for animals looking to hide, giving them a better chance of survival. Rainforests are also home to a variety of predators, like jaguars, snakes, and other big cats, which can provide further protection for animals looking to avoid hyenas.
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assume that ptosis (droopy eyelid) is inherited as an autosomal dominant human trait. among 100 people who are known to be heterozygous for the ptosis allele, 80 have ptosis and 20 have normal eyelids. what is the penetrance for ptosis?
The penetrance of ptosis in this population is 80%. This means that 80% of individuals carrying the ptosis allele express the phenotype associated with it.
Penetrance = (Number of individuals with ptosis)/(Total number of individuals carrying the ptosis allele)
Penetrance = 80/100
Penetrance = 0.8
Phenotype refers to the observable physical and biochemical characteristics of an organism, which result from the interaction of its genetic makeup (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics include traits such as eye color, height, behavior, and susceptibility to certain diseases.
Phenotypes are important in understanding how traits are inherited and how they evolve over time. Scientists study phenotypes to learn about the underlying genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the expression of certain traits. By understanding how phenotypes are inherited, scientists can make predictions about the likelihood of certain traits appearing in future generations.
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the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the skeletal muscles during sustained activity is
Answer: Cardiorespiratory endurance
Explanation:
Answer:
your body getting flowing threw your body
Explanation:
bc it give your heart lungs and blood throwing
The notation for wild type and mutant traits follows some accepted conventions. Notate the following genotypes for a female fruit fly: a) a fly homozygous for red eyes b) a fly heterozygous for red eyes c) a fly homozygous for white eyes
The notation for wild-type and mutant traits follows some accepted conventions, genotypes for a female fruit fly are a) a fly homozygous for red eyes.
Wild type and mutant traits are notated according to some widely accepted conventions. The following genotypes for a female fruit fly should be notated: a) a fly homozygous for red eyes RRb) a fly heterozygous for red eyes Rrc) a fly homozygous for white eyes rrWild type and mutant traits are denoted by a variety of conventions. Wild-type genes are dominant in inheritance patterns, while mutants or mutant alleles are recessive, meaning they will only appear when two copies of the mutant allele are present in a homozygous individual.
Heterozygotes carry one mutant allele and one wild-type allele; as a result, they may show some visible mutant characteristics, but not enough to be considered homozygous. Homozygous individuals carry two copies of a single allele (either the wild-type or mutant). Fruit flies' eye color is one of the most common traits studied in genetics. Red eyes are dominant to white eyes, so flies with two copies of the red eye gene (RR) will have red eyes. Individuals with two white eye genes (rr) will have white eyes. When a fruit fly has one of each allele (Rr), it is heterozygous and will have red eyes, with the red eye allele masking the white eye allele.
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which species are moving to higher elevations of 36 feet per decade and higher latitudes of 10 miles per decade, due to warming temperatures
The species that are moving to higher elevations of 36 feet per decade and higher latitudes of 10 miles per decade, due to warming temperatures, are a variety of plant and animal species. This is a phenomenon known as climate-induced range shifts.
In this regard, the species that are most likely to move to higher elevations and latitudes include those that are adapted to colder climates, as they are forced to migrate due to the increase in temperature. Some of the species that have been observed to be moving to higher elevations and latitudes due to warming temperatures include the American pika, the Adelie penguin, the Atlantic salmon, the chinook salmon, the emperor penguin, and the moose, among others.
Additionally, certain plant species are also moving to higher elevations and latitudes, such as the Engelmann spruce, the whitebark pine, and the alpine forget-me-not.
This shift in habitat is attributed to the fact that these species require cool temperatures, which are becoming increasingly scarce as the earth's temperature rises. As such, the species are forced to move to higher elevations and latitudes, where the temperature is cooler, to survive. Global warming is causing a shift in the habitats of various species, and this is evident through the migration of certain animals, insects, and plants to higher elevations and latitudes, where the temperature is cooler.
Overall, climate change is causing a wide variety of species to move to higher elevations and latitudes in order to find more suitable living conditions. Species are shifting their ranges of 36 feet per decade and 10 miles per decade due to the warming temperatures caused by climate change.
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does the lack of any endpspores in the bacillus subtilis preparation necessarily mean the bacteria cannot prduce them
The absence of endospores cannot be used as a definitive indicator of the ability of Bacillus subtilis to produce them.
No, the lack of any endospores in the Bacillus subtilis preparation does not necessarily mean the bacteria cannot produce them. This is because endospores are a survival mechanism and are not always present in all cells of a bacterial population. In Bacillus subtilis, the production of endospores occurs in response to unfavorable environmental conditions such as nutrient depletion, high temperature, and pH changes. When conditions become unfavorable, the vegetative cell undergoes a series of transformations and finally forms an endospore that is resistant to harsh environmental conditions. In addition, the production of endospores is a highly regulated process that involves the expression of many genes. Thus, the lack of endospores in a Bacillus subtilis preparation could be due to the absence of unfavorable environmental conditions or the suppression of endospore formation by regulatory mechanisms. However, the absence of endospores in a Bacillus subtilis preparation could also indicate that the culture is not pure or the growth conditions were not optimal.
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How long will most likely take before Isla education is finished and she is ready to begin working? Oh she just graduated veterinary school.
A. It should be within the week because the program is a weekend one
B. They can plan for next month as the training only takes a few weeks
C. It will likely be several months before Isla is ready to work.
D. Taking on this course means that Isla has at least three more years of school
Answer:
C. It should be within the week because the program is a weekend one
chlamydomonas is unicellular and uses chlorphyll a and b for photosynthesis. based on these characteristics, chlamydomonas is classified as
Chlamydomonas is unicellular and uses chlorophyll a and b for photosynthesis. Based on these characteristics, Chlamydomonas is classified as a green alga.
Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae consisting of about 150 species of unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as "snow algae".
Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for molecular biology, especially studies of flagellar motility and chloroplast dynamics, biogenesis, and genetics.
They are eukaryotic and contain chloroplasts, which are used to photosynthesize.
They have a size of 10 to 100 micrometers, and they use two flagella to swim around.
They can reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they are frequently used in the lab as a model organism for research.
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a severe deficiency of protein results in kwashiorkor; a severe deficiency of kilocalories causes marasmus. a severe deficiency of protein results in kwashiorkor; a severe deficiency of kilocalories causes marasmus. true false
The given statement, " a severe deficiency of protein results in kwashiorkor; a severe deficiency of kilocalories causes marasmus," is true because marasmus is caused by the deficiency of all the nutrients while kwashiorkor is caused only due to protein deficiency.
Kwashiorkor is the malnutrition disease. It occurs in the babies and children who lack the sufficient protein in their diet. The main effect of the disease is the presence of excess fluid in the body tissues resulting in their swelling.
Marasmus is also a malnutrition disease where there occurs a total calories insufficiency. The effect of this disease is the loss in the adipose tissue and muscle.
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Identify the stage of mitosis each lettered plant cell is in:
The stages here include A >> anaphase, B >> prophase, C >> telophase, D >> prophase (maybe prometaphase), and E >> interphase.
What is the prophase stage in the cell cycle?The prophase stage in the cell cycle is the first stage of the cell division cycle where chromosomes condense to form well differentiated structures that will match during the metaphase and thus will allow the correct segregation of the genetic material during the cell division.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the prophase stage in the cell cycle is a stage when chromosomes condense.
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an evolutionary splitting event that gives rise to a distinct daughter species but with the persistence of the ancestral form is called
An evolutionary splitting event that gives rise to a distinct daughter species but with the persistence of the ancestral form is called speciation.
Speciation is closely related to evolution, both of which are processes of change that gradually, bit by bit, gradually, slowly but surely occur.
Speciation occurs when a population of a species becomes geographically or reproductively isolated and is unable to interbreed with other members of the same species. This can lead to the formation of new species. Speciation occurs when gene flow between populations that originally existed has effectively subsided and is due to an isolation mechanism. Other factors that can cause speciation are mutation, hybridization, and domestication.
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true or false: an inhibitory neurotransmitter will make the postsynaptic membrane less likely to reach threshold and thus less likely to fire an action potential.
It is true that an inhibitory neurotransmitter will make the postsynaptic membrane less likely to reach threshold and thus less likely to fire an action potential.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter explained.
An inhibitory neurotransmitter is a type of chemical messenger in the nervous system that reduces or inhibits the activity of the target neuron. It binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, causing a decrease in the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential.
Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. These neurotransmitters play important roles in controlling the excitability of neurons, regulating muscle contractions, and maintaining normal sleep patterns.
Therefore, An inhibitory neurotransmitter will bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and cause hyperpolarization, which makes the membrane potential more negative and increases the threshold for firing an action potential. This makes the postsynaptic membrane less likely to reach threshold and less likely to fire an action potential.
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Define fertilization below and how plants fertilize
Fertilization is the process by which the male and female gametes (reproductive cells) combine to form a zygote, which develops into an embryo. In plants, fertilization refers specifically to the fusion of the male and female gametes of the flower, resulting in the formation of a seed.
How do plants fertilize?In plants, the male gamete is produced by the pollen grain, which contains two sperm cells, while the female gamete is produced by the ovule, which is located in the ovary of the flower.
When a pollen grain lands on the stigma (the receptive surface of the female reproductive organ), it germinates and sends out a pollen tube that grows down the style and reaches the ovary. One of the sperm cells is then released and fuses with the egg cell inside the ovule, forming a zygote.
The other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid cell, which develops into the endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue that provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
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after a chemical signal binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor has to transmit the signal into the cell. that process is called
The process of transmitting a chemical signal into a cell after it binds to a cell-surface receptor is called signal transduction.
Signal transduction is a complex process that involves the passage of an electrical or chemical signal from outside the cell to the inside, where the cell can interpret and respond to the signal.
Signal transduction begins with the binding of a ligand, such as a hormone, to the cell-surface receptor. This binding causes a conformational change in the receptor, which triggers the activation of a signal transduction pathway within the cell.
In many cases, this activation involves the release of a second messenger, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), into the cell.
This messenger molecule can then interact with and activate other molecules in the cell, leading to a wide variety of responses, including changes in the cell's gene expression and metabolism.
In some cases, the signal is transmitted to the nucleus, where it can activate specific genes.
For example, if a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the signal may be transmitted to the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of a gene, resulting in the production of a new protein. This protein may then be involved in a cellular response to the original signal.
Signal transduction is a complex process that involves many steps and a variety of molecules. The signal must be transmitted from outside the cell to the inside, where it can be interpreted and acted upon by the cell.
This process is essential for the proper functioning of cells, and is necessary for organisms to respond to their environment.
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What helps cells to maintain homeostasis
Answer: A series of control mechanisms functioning at the organ, tissue or cellular level.
Explanation: A series of control mechanisms functioning at the organ, tissue or cellular level.
when a client receives vincristine, an antineoplastic agent that inhibits dna and protein synthesis, the client needs to be informed to report which symptoms that would be expected side effects of motor neuropathy? select all that apply.
When a client receives vincristine, an antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA and protein synthesis, they need to be informed to report any symptoms of motor neuropathy that may be expected side effects include: weakness, numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, loss of coordination, and difficulty walking.
Vincristine is an antineoplastic drug belonging to the vinka alkaloid group used for chemotherapy treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Burkitt's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Vincristine works by inhibiting cell division so that the growth of cancer cells in the body can be slowed or stopped.
When a client is taking vincristine, they need to be notified to report symptoms of motor neuropathy, the client will experience side effects such as hair loss, weakness, numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, loss of coordination, weight loss, dizziness, and difficulty walking.
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What is the “mitochondria” in a cell?
PLEASE ANSWER, I WILL GIVE YOU BRAINLIEST!
Answer: Mitochondria (Mitochondrion / singular) are the power houses of a cell. This is where respiration happens. Respiration is a reaction that transfers energy for the organism.
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Explain several things that can affect the level of the water table.
Answer:
Droughts, seasonal variations in rainfall, and pumping affect the height of the under groundwater levels.
Explanation:
If a well is pumped at a faster rate than the aquifer around it is recharged by precipitation or other underground flow, then water levels in the well can be lowered.