The Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act (ICCTA) of 1995 abolished the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and transferred its functions to the Surface Transportation Board of the United States Department of Transportation.
Regarding the railroads, the Surface Transportation Board (STB) took over the duties of the ICC after the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act (ICCTA) of 1995.What is the Surface Transportation Board (STB)?The Surface Transportation Board (STB) is a governing body that regulates transportation in the United States of America. It was formed in 1996 as a result of the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act (ICCTA), which was passed in 1995. The STB was created to manage various forms of transport such as railways, trucking, and waterborne commerce, among others.The Surface Transportation Board (STB) took over the duties of the ICC after the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act (ICCTA) of 1995. The act abolished the ICC and established a board that was intended to provide a more streamlined regulatory framework for surface transportation.In general, the STB is responsible for regulating railroad rates, services, and practices, as well as ensuring that these practices are fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory. Additionally, the STB is in charge of resolving railroad-related disputes and enforcing railroad laws and regulations.
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the idea that Communist and democratic nations could exist side by side without constant conflict and threat of military action was
known as peaceful coexistence. It was a foreign policy concept introduced by the Soviet Union under Premier Nikita Khrushchev in the late 1950s. The idea was that socialist and capitalist states could coexist without resorting to violent means to resolve their differences.
The peaceful coexistence concept challenged the previously held belief that communism and capitalism were inherently incompatible and that conflict was inevitable. Khrushchev argued that peaceful coexistence could provide a path towards a gradual and peaceful transition towards socialism, without the need for violent revolution or military intervention.
The concept was broadly welcomed by the international community, especially in the wake of the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The United Nations also adopted peaceful coexistence as a principle of international law in the 1960s.
However, the credibility of the concept was undermined by the continued nuclear arms race and proxy wars between communist and capitalist states, such as the Vietnam War, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and US interventions in Central and South America. Additionally, the Soviet Union faced internal challenges to its governance, economic model, and human rights record, which strained its relations with the West.
In conclusion, peaceful coexistence was a concept promoted by the Soviet Union to ease tensions between communist and capitalist nations and diminish the likelihood of military conflict. While the idea received some support and recognition, it ultimately failed to prevent the continuation of the Cold War and the emergence of new sources of tension and instability in the global political landscape.
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Which is an example of an imperial management method of indirect control?
An imperial power providing for the needs of its colonial subjects, but not giving them rights.
An imperial powers allowing its colonies to have limited self-rule and government.
An imperial power patterning all the schools, courts, and businesses in a colony after its own institutions.
An imperial power forcing its colonial subjects to adopt its culture, language, and religion.
An example is: C. An imperial power patterning all the schools, courts, and businesses in a colony after its own institutions.
What is an Imperial Management Method of Indirect Control?An Imperial Management Method of Indirect Control is a strategy used by imperial powers to maintain control over their colonies by shaping their culture and institutions to resemble those of the imperial power.
An imperial power patterning all the schools, courts, and businesses in a colony after its own institutions is an example of an imperial management method of indirect control.
This approach is known as indirect control because the imperial power allows local leaders to govern, but these leaders are often chosen and controlled by the imperial power. Indirect control methods typically involve shaping the culture and institutions of the colony to resemble those of the imperial power, making it easier to maintain control over the colony while avoiding direct involvement in its day-to-day governance.
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In his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr. argues that
F. African Americans should be patient and trust that eventual change will come
G African Americans should have access to separate but equal facilities
H people have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws
J people can achieve change through nonviolent compliance with the law
In his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr. argues that: H. people have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws
What is the Argument of Martin Luther King Jr.?King argues that civil disobedience is necessary when laws are unjust and that it is the duty of individuals to challenge such laws through peaceful protest and other forms of nonviolent resistance.
King's philosophy of nonviolent resistance became a cornerstone of the Civil Rights Movement and a powerful force for social change in the United States.
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Reinhard heydrich was chosen to chair the wannsee conference. Hitler used to call heydrich the man with the iron heart what factor support the idea that Hitler chose the right man to conduct such an important meeting.
A) because of his great organizational skills, he could clearly convey a plan to invade Russia.
B) his speaking ability will command the mens attention to Hitler's instructions
C) has negotiation tactics would allow him to easily influence French and British ambassadors
D) he would have no problem clearly explaining the plan to exterminate the Jews
Option (d), He would easily be able to lay forth the strategy for annihilating the Jews.
Is The Man with the Iron Heart's story based on a true story?Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich, a top member of the German SS and police during the Nazi era, was principally responsible for planning the Holocaust. Heydrich was the head of security for the Reich. He also held the position of Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor in Bohemia and Moravia.
The real-life mu-rder plot that served as the inspiration for this drama targeted Reinhard Heydrich, the leader of the Nazi secret police and acting Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which would become Czechoslovakia.
What happened to Himmler?He was captured by Russians on May 20, 1945, and then turned over to the British, who he revealed to be his real identity. Three days later, on May 23, 1945, Himmler committed sui-cide by biting on a cyanide capsule that was held in his mouth. the body of Heinrich Himmler after his su-icide while being detained by the British.
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how were farmers impacted by the rapid economic changes of the late 1800s? what actions were taken by farmers in response to these impacts?
During the late 1800s, farmers were significantly affected by rapid economic changes. This led to farmers responding to the consequences. The following are ways in which farmers were affected by rapid economic changes:
1. High production costs: Farmers had to incur high production costs when purchasing farm machinery, fertilizers, and seeds to keep up with the pace of technological advancements.
2. Overproduction: As more farmers adopted the new technology, overproduction of goods became a significant problem. This led to farmers' income decreasing as a result of price drops.
3. Dependence on Railroads: Farmers relied on railroads to transport their goods, and railroad companies charged extortionate rates, causing farmers' profits to decline.
4. Foreclosures: Farmers who had loans from banks had trouble repaying them, causing many of them to lose their homes and land.
What actions were taken by farmers in response to these impacts?The following are actions that farmers took in response to the economic impacts of the late 1800s:
1. The formation of Farmer's Alliances, which advocated for farmer's rights, such as government regulation of railroads, tariff reforms, and silver-backed currency.
2. The formation of the People's Party in 1892.
3. Protests and strikes were organized by farmers.
4. The establishment of cooperatives, which assisted farmers in selling their goods at a reasonable price.
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a. anger over the continued existence of slavery in mexico. b. a desire for unrestricted trade with the u.s. c. the decreasing numbers of immigrant settlers. d. mexican attitudes of racial superiority.
Texans desire for unrestricted trade with the US had caused Texians to declare independence from Mexico. The correct option is C.
The Mexican government had implemented a series of policies that favored Mexican citizens over Texians, including prohibiting immigration from the U.S. and limiting Texian access to land and government positions.
This led to a decrease in the number of Texian settlers, which compounded the existing tensions between the two groups. The desire for unrestricted trade with the U.S. also played a role, as the Texians saw the potential for economic gain through closer ties with their northern neighbor.
Finally, the Texians were angered by the fact that slavery still existed in Mexico, despite the fact that it had been abolished in the U.S. This made the Texians increasingly wary of the Mexican government, leading them to declare independence. The correct option is C.
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The Question is-
According to the text, which of the following factors caused Texians (as Texans identified themselves at the time) to declare independence from Mexico?
a. decreasing numbers of immigrant settlers
b. Mexican attitudes of racial superiority
c. their desire for unrestricted trade with the U.S.
d. anger over the continued existence of slavery in Mexico
What 2 railroads eventually connected to Washington
The two railroads that eventually connected to Washington were the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O).
The B&O Railroad was the first railroad to operate in the United States and it connected Washington, D.C. with Baltimore, Maryland in 1835. The B&O extended its route to the Ohio River and eventually connected with the Transcontinental Railroad, allowing for travel from the East Coast to the West Coast.
The C&O Railway was chartered in 1868 and it eventually extended its route to reach Washington, D.C. from the west. The C&O Railway provided an important transportation link for the coal industry in West Virginia and helped to fuel the industrial growth of the region.
Together, the B&O Railroad and the C&O Railway provided important transportation links to and from the nation's capital, connecting it with other major cities and facilitating economic growth and development in the region.
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PLEASE HELP
What idea by Thomas Paine contributed to the American Revolution?
A)Neither governments nor citizens could break the social contract, even if one side was disloyal.
B)Citizens had to support their government with taxes, even it seemed unfair.
C)A government's role was to protect its citizens from invasion at all costs.
D)That governments had a responsibility to provide certain rights to citizens.
Answer:
D) That governments had a responsibility to provide certain rights to citizens
which negotiator at versailles would have felt most satisfied with the terms of the treaty as demonstrated in these articles?
The primary negotiator at the Treaty of Versailles was Georges Clemenceau of France. He was the leader of the French delegation and had the most influence on the final agreement. Clemenceau felt the treaty was too lenient on Germany and wanted a harsher agreement, and as such, he was likely the most satisfied with the terms.
The Treaty of Versailles was the agreement that ended World War I in 1919. The primary negotiator was Georges Clemenceau of France, and he was the leader of the French delegation. Clemenceau had the most influence on the final agreement and wanted a harsher punishment of Germany than other Allied leaders. He pushed for a treaty that would significantly weaken Germany's economy and military, and he was ultimately successful in achieving many of his objectives.
For example, the treaty limited Germany's military forces and its armament industry. It also imposed heavy reparations payments and forced Germany to accept responsibility for causing the war. Clemenceau felt these terms were necessary for a lasting peace, and as such, he was likely the most satisfied with the terms of the treaty as demonstrated in the articles.
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what are the 14th and 15th century events that eased the way to the great witch-hunt (at least three)? fren 1177
Three 14th and 15th century events that eased the way to the great witch-hunt are: The Black Death, Malleus Maleficarum, The rise of the Inquisition.
1. The Black Death (1347-1351): The devastating pandemic killed a large portion of Europe's population, leading to social unrest, economic hardships, and a search for scapegoats. This atmosphere of fear and suspicion made it easier for accusations of witchcraft to take root.
2. The publication of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486): This influential book by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger provided a comprehensive guide to identifying, prosecuting, and punishing witches. It was widely read by both religious and secular authorities, and contributed to the spread of witch-hunt hysteria.
3. The rise of the Inquisition: During the 15th century, the Catholic Church established the Inquisition to combat heresy and maintain religious orthodoxy. This institution was responsible for investigating and punishing those accused of witchcraft, further facilitating the growth of witch-hunts.
These events created a climate of fear and suspicion, laying the groundwork for the great witch-hunt that would take place in the following centuries.
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Under the Articles of Confederation, which of the following had the most power?
In 3-4 sentences, write a brief description of the public response that followed 9/11.
How did other countries react?
Answer:
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, there was a widespread public response of shock, horror, and grief. The attacks led to a surge of patriotism and a sense of unity among Americans, as well as increased government surveillance and security measures. The event also triggered military action and international relations changes.
after world war ii ended, continuing political differences led to civil war in group of answer choices china. france. germany. japan.
After World War II ended, continuing political differences led to civil war in China.
China went through a long period of civil war after World War II ended. From 1927 to 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) battled the Nationalists in a prolonged struggle that lasted more than two decades. The Chinese Civil War was the war between the Nationalists and the Communists in China.
During the time of World War II, these two groups were both fighting against the Japanese. But as soon as the war ended, these two groups started to fight each other for control of the country.
The communists, led by Mao Zedong, triumphed over the nationalists in 1949, forcing Chiang Kai-Shek to flee to Taiwan, where he established the Republic of China (ROC) government. The People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded by the CCP in 1949, with Mao Zedong as its leader.
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4.07quiz the new frontier
a) John Kennedy won the 1960 presidential election. (Option C)
b) The 1960 presidential election is significant for several reasons. One of the most notable is that it was the first presidential election to feature televised debates between the candidates. (Option a)
c) In his inaugural speech, Kennedy challenged Americans to get involved in helping others by asking not what their country could do for them, but what they could do for their country. (Option C)
What is the explanation for the above response?a) John Kennedy won the 1960 presidential election. This is a historical fact.
b) The 1960 presidential election is significant for several reasons. One of the most notable is that it was the first presidential election to feature televised debates between the candidates. This allowed voters to see the candidates in action and hear their positions on various issues, which had a significant impact on the outcome of the election.
Also, the 1960 election was one of the closest in US history, with Kennedy winning by a narrow margin over Nixon. The election was also significant because it marked a shift in American politics, as Kennedy represented a younger, more progressive generation of politicians.
c) In his inaugural speech, Kennedy challenged Americans to get involved in helping others by asking not what their country could do for them, but what they could do for their country. This call to civic duty and public service is one of the most famous lines from his speech and has become a lasting legacy of his presidency.
The speech as a whole also emphasized the need for global cooperation, peace, and the pursuit of freedom and justice for all people, both at home and abroad.
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Full Question:
Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full questions:
a) Who won the 1960 presidential election?
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
John Kennedy
Dwight Eisenhower
b) Why is the 1960 presidential election significant?
First televised presidential debate
First time two communists run for president
First time two candidates agreed with each other
First time two Republicans run for president
3) What did Kennedy challenge Americans to do in his inaugural speech with these words: "Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country."
Protest more
Pay higher taxes
Get involved in helping others
Join the military
what were among the new power centers replacing the political parties, beginning in the late nineteenth century?
Beginning in the late 19th century, a number of new power centers emerged in the United States, replacing the traditional political parties as the primary sources of political influence. Some of these new power centers included:
Industrial corporations: As the United States shifted from an agricultural to an industrial economy, large corporations emerged as major players in American politics. These corporations often wielded significant power and influence, both through their economic might and through their ability to influence government policy.Labor unions: With the growth of industrialization, labor unions also emerged as powerful players in American politics. Unions fought for better working conditions, higher wages, and other worker protections, and often played a key role in shaping government policy.Interest groups: A variety of interest groups emerged during this period, including business associations, professional organizations, and social reform groups. These groups often advocated for specific policies or issues and had a significant influence on government decision-making.Media: With the rise of newspapers, magazines, and other forms of mass media, the press also became a powerful force in American politics. Journalists and editors used their platforms to shape public opinion, influence policy debates, and hold government officials accountable.In summary, the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a significant shift in the sources of political power in the United States, as traditional political parties were increasingly replaced by these new power centers.
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The demand for______led to an increased need for labor in the South. A. coal B. cotton C. corn D. tobacco
What is 5 difference of Stalin hitler and Mussolini
Answer: Answer is below <3
Explanation:
1. Joseph Stalin was a dictator of the Soviets and Benito Mussolini was a dictator of Italy prior to WW2.
2. Stalinism had an ideology that existed independently of Stalin, but for Nazism, "Hitler was ideological orthodoxy", and Nazi ideals were by definition whatever Hitler said they were.
3. In Stalinism, the bureaucratic apparatus was the foundation of the system, while in Nazism, the person of the leader was the foundation.
4. Notable examples of totalitarian states include Italy under Benito Mussolini, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler
5. Stalin was part of the communist party, but Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party.
What are two different ways that the region of Northern Africa and Southwest Asia have influenced or impacted America and the American people, today?
how did progressive reformers attempt to better the lives of words such as these in the photograrph above?
The progressive reformers attempted to better the lives of words such as those in the photograph above by addressing the social and economic issues of their day. What are Progressive reformers?
The Progressive Era was a period of significant social and political reform in the United States, lasting from the 1890s to the 1920s.
During this time, progressive reformers sought to address a variety of social, political, and economic issues, including poverty, corruption, and inequality.
Progressive reformers attempted to improve the lives of individuals living in poverty by advocating for social welfare policies and expanding access to education, healthcare, and other basic necessities.
They also sought to address the issue of political corruption by pushing for greater transparency and accountability in government,
as well as advocating for campaign finance reform and the regulation of business practices.
Additionally, progressive reformers fought for the rights of workers, women, and minorities, advocating for labor protections, women's suffrage, and civil rights laws.
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questionwhich border state's loyalty to the union was critical to keeping washington, d.c. from being surrounded by the confederacy?responsesdelawaredelawarekentuckykentuckywest virginiawest virginiamaryland
The border states loyalty to the union that was critical to keeping Washington, D.C. from being surrounded by the confederacy was West Virginia and Maryland, the correct option is (d).
During the American Civil War, the Confederacy sought to surround and isolate Washington, D.C., which was the capital of the Union. The border state loyalty of West Virginia and Maryland was critical in preventing this from happening. In the case of West Virginia, it was formed during the Civil War when a portion of Virginia split off from the Confederacy to stay with the Union. Maryland’s strategic location between Washington, D.C., and the Confederacy made it a key state in the Union's efforts to maintain control over the capital, the correct option is (d).
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The complete question is:
Which border state's loyalty to the union was critical to keeping Washington, d.c. from being surrounded by the confederacy? responses
a. Delaware
b. Delaware and Kentucky
c. Kentucky west and Virginia
d. West Virginia and Maryland
"More than eight millions of the stock of this bank are held by foreigners. By this act the American Republic proposes virtually to make them a present of some millions of dollars...If we must have a bank with private stockholders, every consideration of sound policy and every impulse of American feeling admonishes that it should be purely American..."
President Andrew Jackson, "Bank Veto Message" July 10, 1832
Based on the excerpt above, why did Andrew Jackson want to eliminate the National Bank (also known as the Second Bank of the United States)?
A. Bank's stock was held by more Americans than foreigners and Jackson felt this was a sound policy.
B. President Andrew Jackson believed that the bank favored the ordinary people in the U.S
C. President Andrew Jackson felt that the Bank was good for America and should not be vetoed.
D. The Bank exposed the government’s control by foreign interests and served to make the rich richer.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
the amalgamation of his views that the bank was unconstitutional, a monopoly for the rich, and exposed the government to control of foreign interest.
please give brainliest
what is foreign policy?
why is foreign policy important?
what are the four goals of foreign policy?
Answer: Foreign policy is...
Explanation:
1. Foreign policy is the strategy the government uses to deal with other nations.
2. Foreign policy is important because it uses diplomacy to ensure international problems are solved
- Diplomacy: talking, meeting, making agreements
3. The four goals of foreign policy are:
- protection (i.e. national security and keeping citizens and allies safe)
- profits (i.e. international trade)
- principles (i.e. promoting world peace and democracy)
- pride (preserving a balance of power in the world)
Which contribution did Lulu Belle Madison White make to the lives of Texans?
She pursued court cases that ended the all-white primary.
She led the fight against prohibition.
She fought for prison reform.
She advocated for Hispanic Americans.
The contribution did Lulu Belle Madison White make to the lives of Texans is She pursued court cases that ended the all-white primary.
What was Lulu Belle Madison White's contribution?She was a civil rights activist who fought for voting rights for African Americans and challenged the discriminatory practices of the Democratic Party in Texas. In 1927, she filed a lawsuit against the Democratic Party challenging its all-white primary, which effectively excluded African Americans from participating in the state's political process. Her case, Nixon v. Condon, ultimately led to the United States Supreme Court ruling the all-white primary unconstitutional in 1944.
Therefore, This landmark decision paved the way for African American participation in the political process in Texas and throughout the South. While she may have also contributed to other causes, her role in ending the all-white primary was particularly significant.
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true or false diocletian divided te empire in half, keeping the eastern part under his control and appointing a ruler for the western half
Diocletian divided the empire in half, keeping the eastern part under his control and appointing a ruler for the western half- True.
In the third century CE, the Roman emperor Diocletian gained control of the Roman Empire. Learn about Emperor Diocletian's reforms and efforts to mend a broken empire by getting to know him.
These two inquiries may be two distinct ones, depending on who you ask. The Roman Empire was divided in two before it was overthrown, with Rome in the west and Alexandria along the eastern Mediterranean. The Byzantine Empire, which outlived the Western Roman Empire and rose to become one of the most powerful nations in the mediaeval era, was finally regarded as the eastern half of the Roman Empire.
Emperor Diocletian may be the person most responsible for the survival of Roman power if the Byzantine Empire is viewed as a continuation of the Roman Empire. This Roman emperor of the third century discovered a way to salvage the waning empire and laid the groundwork for the establishment of Byzantium.
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Describe each in complete sentences and explain why these events were important.
Nullification Crisis
National Bank veto
Answer:
The nullification crisis was a conflict between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-33 over the former's effort to proclaim the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state. Although not the first crisis to deal with state authority over perceived unlawful infringements on its autonomy, the Nullification Crisis was a watershed point in American history because it was the first time conflicts between federal and state governments nearly resulted in civil war.
Explanation:
how many total states did the US have by 18 12 and what did the 5 reflec
Answer:
18
Explanation:
By 1812 the U.S had 18 states
What change occurred in America between 1800 and 1850?
1. Improvements in transportation linked regions together economically.
2. The transcontinental railroad caused the West to dominate the national economy.
3. The North's industrial economy became dependent on Southern cotton.
4. The factory system brought new wealth to the South.
The change that occurred in the America between 1800 and 1850 is improvements in transportation linked regions together economically.
What is transportation?Transportation is movement of people, goods, and animals from one place to the another. It plays a vital role in modern society, facilitating trade, commerce, and travel. Various modes of transportation are available, including land, water, and air transportation. Land transportation includes cars, buses, trains, and bicycles. Water transportation includes ships, boats, and ferries, while air transportation includes planes and helicopters. Efficient transportation systems are crucial for economic development, as they facilitate the movement of goods and people between regions and countries. However, transportation also has significant environmental impacts, such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and noise pollution. Governments and transportation companies are working to develop sustainable transportation solutions that are both efficient and environmentally friendly, such as electric vehicles and public transportation systems powered by renewable energy sources.
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Which political philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment used his writing to promote toleration and freedom of speech?
A. Voltaire
B. John Locke
C. Thomas Jefferson
The political philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment used his writing to promote tolerance and freedom of speech, Voltaire. option (A) is correct.
He was an Edification figure, writer, classicist, and realist known for his assistance of severe open door, free talk, and the division of sanctuary and state. Alexander Meiklejohn (1872-1964), a major enthusiast of free talk, formed extensively on both informational perspectives and the Principal Change.
Before the Essential Rectification spread out free talk, the French writer, entertainer, and realist Voltaire remarked, "I may not agree with what you want to say, yet I will safeguard to the death your privilege to finish it." Therefore, option (A) is correct.
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which division of judaism emerge in the nineteenth century with a position mediating the extremes? while this division wished to show great respect
Conservative division of Judaism arose in the nineteenth 100 years with a position intervening in the limits. The Change development was a strong verifiable reaction to the sensational occasions of the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds years in Europe.
Conservative and Change Judaism arose in nineteenth-century Germany as a work to alter the severity of Standard Judaism. Toward the finish of the nineteenth hundred years, Zionism has shown up as an outgrowth of change.
Judaism is portrayed by a faith in one extraordinary God who uncovered himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Jewish prophets and by a strict life as per Sacred writings and rabbinic practices.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
Which division of Judaism emerged in the nineteenth century with a position mediating the extremes? While this division wished to show great respect for the rabbinical tradition of Judaism, it also wished to allow for greater latitude in matters of religious practice.
rome built a historical arc that enabled europe to share in a rich heritage reaching back to ancient mesopotamia and egypt, which gave meaning to the concept of
Rome built a historical arc that enabled Europe to share in a rich heritage reaching back to ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, which gave meaning to the concept of cultural continuity.
Cultural continuity refers to the transmission and preservation of cultural knowledge and traditions across generations and geographical locations.
The historical arc in Rome allowed for the preservation and sharing of cultural heritage from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt to Europe, creating a sense of connection and continuity across time and space.
This helped to shape and enrich European culture, architecture, art, philosophy, and other aspects of society, and provided a link to the past that gave meaning to the present.
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