the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the disorders themselves, are called question 1 options: a) psychosis. b) psychopathology. c) neuropathology. d) neurosis.

Gerald believes that all Republicans are narrow-minded and biased. If he hears a Republican say something that seems narrow-minded, he says "see what I mean." This is an example of confirmation bias.

Confirmation bias is the inclination to look for and interpret data in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. Confirmation bias is a cognitive bias that can lead to the failure to accept and search for knowledge that disagrees with what we already believe. It can lead to "faulty judgments, deficient problem-solving, and a skewed analysis of data," according to the Encyclopedia of Social Psychology.

When it comes to decision-making, confirmation bias can be extremely dangerous. When people search for information to support their beliefs, they may overlook evidence that contradicts them. This makes it difficult to change their minds, and it can lead to bad decisions. Confirmation bias can also cause people to seek out information that is similar to what they already believe, which can lead to narrow-minded thinking.

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The food acted as a conditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's famous experiment, he noticed that when a dog was presented with meat powder, it would naturally begin to salivate.

He then associated a bell ringing with the presentation of the meat powder, and eventually the dog began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

This is an example of classical conditioning, in which a previously neutral stimulus (in this case the bell) is associated with an unconditioned stimulus (the food) and becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (the dog salivating).

Through the process of classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus can elicit a response similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus.

By pairing the unconditioned stimulus (the meat powder) with the neutral stimulus (the bell) in Pavlov's experiment, the bell eventually became a conditioned stimulus that could elicit the same response (salivation) as the unconditioned stimulus.

In summary, when Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects, it acted as a conditioned stimulus, and the bell became the conditioned stimulus that eventually caused the same response as the food.

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The first point in the visual system where the location of the squirrel would be coded is in Adeline's retina.

The visual system is a complex network of structures and processes that work together to interpret visual information from the environment.

The retina is a layer of cells at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. These cells convert light into neural signals that travel through the optic nerve to the brain.

When Adeline identifies the location of the squirrel out of her window, the image of the squirrel is projected onto her retina, and the rods and cones in the retina detect the light and create neural signals that encode the location of the squirrel.

These signals are then transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain's visual cortex, where the image of the squirrel is processed further.

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Jarrod, who is a wealthy 48-year-old African American CEO, belongs to the Democratic political party.

Democrats is the political party he is most likely to vote for. Political parties are often classified as left-wing or right-wing, with the former leaning towards social equality, more government intervention, and wealth distribution, and the latter being more conservative and business-friendly.

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. The party's social and economic policies are designed to promote and preserve the middle class, create jobs, and combat poverty. The Republican Party is the opposition party, and its policies are generally pro-business and pro-conservative.

Jarrod, as an African American CEO, is most likely to vote for the Democrats because the party is known for its advocacy for equality and economic policies that benefit the middle class.

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A sociologist who spends an intensive amount of time for several years observing an immigrant community to understand their daily activities would be using the ethnographic research method.

Ethnographic research refers to research in which the researcher immerses themselves in a culture or a community. Ethnographic research is usually conducted in two ways: observation and participation. A researcher is expected to observe and participate in the community, gathering data and recording what they see in a field notebook. This helps them to form an accurate and deep understanding of the community or culture that they are studying.

As a result, ethnography is a method of qualitative research that investigates human societies and cultures, with the goal of understanding the cultural phenomena of these societies. It is commonly used in social science fields like anthropology, sociology, and psychology to learn about cultural groups and their ways of life. Ethnographic research can be used to study a variety of topics, such as family life, education, health care, and religion.

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Language advances thinking by facilitating interpersonal interaction, which is vital to learning. Vygotsky called this function of language the social function of language.

The social function of language is Vygotsky's notion of language advancement that aids cognitive development. This function assists in the connection between the different cognitive processes in children's minds, providing them with social interaction and allowing them to interact with their culture. As a result, it leads to an improved capacity to solve issues and aids in the acquisition of new knowledge.

The social function of language is a critical element of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning.The social function of language has three main goals: (i) to promote social interaction and relationships, (ii) to develop and improve cognitive processes, and (iii) to promote the use of language in a social context to support learning. It can assist in the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and a range of other cognitive processes.

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Murrow had not held the position of educational director for CBS forfive years.

In the 1940s, Murrow held the position of educational director for CBS for five years before resigning from the position in 1946 prior to his famous speech regarding Senator Joseph McCarthy.

Senator McCarthy incorrectly assumed Murrow was still in the position when making his statement, despite the fact that it had been five years since Murrow had left the position.

Therefore, It has been five years since Murrow worked as the educational director for CBS.

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President Bill Clinton addressed the Monica Lewinsky scandal in a televised speech to the American public in August 1998.

He said, “Indeed I did have a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate. In fact, it was wrong." He also apologized for misleading people about the situation and said he accepted responsibility for his actions.

Bill Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He was known for his centrist policies and for presiding over a period of economic growth and peace.

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The process Dr. King described for advancing civil rights was centered on using peaceful protest and civil disobedience to challenge unjust laws.

This same approach was utilized by the Standing Rock Sioux tribe in their peaceful protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline. Their protests highlighted the need for protection of the rights of Native American communities and the right to have a say in the decisions that impact their communities.

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Rohan's belief that deviant behavior has to exist for a society to properly function is most closely aligned with the perspective of Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist who is widely considered one of the founders of modern sociology.

According to Durkheim, deviation from the norm is not abnormal but rather an essential and useful aspect of society. He believes that deviance plays a significant role in promoting social change, reinforcing social norms and values, and defining the limits of acceptable behavior. Durkheim argued that without deviance, society would become immobile and incapable of adapting to the changing environment.

Functionalism, which emphasizes how various facets of society interact and contribute to the overall functioning of the social system, is a perspective on deviance popularized by Durkheim. According to functionalists, all facets of society, including deviance, have a purpose and contribute to social cohesion and stability.

Rohan's view that abnormal behavior is required for society to function properly thus agrees with the functionalist viewpoint on abnormal behavior.

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Entrapment is often used to show a lack of intent due to inducement by government agents.

Entrapment is a legal defense that may be used in criminal cases in which the defendant claims that the idea for the crime was planted in their minds by law enforcement officials, who then pressured and lured them into committing it.

As a result, they claim that they would not have committed the offense if it were not for the police's misconduct.

In other words, the entrapment defense is based on the premise that the government went beyond acceptable investigative tactics in order to gain a conviction, effectively coercing the defendant into committing a crime that they otherwise would not have committed.

It is a tactic used by the defendant to refute criminal responsibility, and it is used in court to show that the defendant was induced to commit the crime by someone other than himself or herself, such as a government agent.

In conclusion, entrapment is a defense frequently used to demonstrate a lack of intent as a result of inducement by government agents.

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Reactivity is the methodological issue that refers to the possibility that the presence of the observer will affect people's behaviors in the context of systematic observation. Reactivity is an important consideration when conducting systematic observation because the act of observing can alter the behavior being studied. This can lead to inaccurate results, as the behavior that is being observed is not an accurate reflection of the behavior that would have been observed if the observer was not present.

To minimize the potential for reactivity, researchers must consider the potential effects that their presence might have on the behavior of the people they are observing. They should also use strategies to minimize the potential effects, such as having observers interact minimally with the participants and taking steps to ensure that the participants are unaware of the observer's presence. Additionally, researchers should take steps to ensure that the observers are not influencing the results of the study by maintaining their neutrality and impartiality. By following these steps, researchers can ensure that their systematic observation results are reliable and valid.

The methodological issue that refers to the possibility that the presence of the observer will affect people's behaviors in the context of systematic observation is called reactivity.

Reactivity is a type of bias that occurs when people modify their behavior in response to being observed. This can happen because they want to present themselves in a favorable light, or because they are aware of the observer's presence and feel self-conscious or uncomfortable.

Reactivity can have a significant impact on the reliability and validity of observational data. It can make it difficult to distinguish between genuine behaviors and those that are simply a response to the presence of the observer.

Therefore, researchers who use systematic observation need to be aware of the potential for reactivity and take steps to minimize its effects, such as using unobtrusive observation techniques or conducting observations in naturalistic settings where people are more likely to behave naturally.

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The items listed below are the costs that can be associated with the cost of owning a home:-

The cost of owning a home depends on several factors, including the location of the home, the size of the home, the age of the home, and the type of mortgage. Homeowners must be aware of the additional costs associated with owning a home, in addition to the mortgage payments, when deciding whether or not to purchase a home.

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Joseph is experiencing microsleeps, which are brief episodes of sleep that occur during wakefulness. This is a common symptom of sleep deprivation, when a person has been awake for a long period of time.

Microsleeps usually last for a few seconds and can be triggered by tiredness, stress, and exhaustion. They can cause a person to suddenly lose concentration, experience confusion, and have difficulty remembering information. To reduce the risk of microsleeps, it is important to have a regular sleep schedule and make sure to get enough sleep each night. Microsleeps usually last for only a few seconds and can be dangerous, as it can impair concentration and cause accidents. To help Joseph recover from his sleep deprivation, he should aim to get seven to nine hours of sleep each night and to create a consistent sleep schedule.

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Peacekeeping missions have been a subject of debate for many years. As of 2015, the United Nations had nine peacekeeping missions in Africa, which accounted for about 80% of all peacekeeping missions. While the goals of these missions are noble and necessary, the effectiveness of these missions remains questionable.

One advantage of peacekeeping missions is that they can help bring stability to areas where violence has occurred. By deploying military and civilian personnel, the United Nations can help to restore order and prevent further violence. Additionally, peacekeeping missions can assist in peaceful political transitions and help to keep violence from beginning or expanding. These are all critical functions that can make a significant difference in conflict zones.

However, there are also some disadvantages to peacekeeping missions. One issue is that peacekeeping missions can be costly, both in terms of finances and human lives. Additionally, peacekeeping missions can be challenging to execute, particularly in areas where there are no clear boundaries or where multiple factions are involved.

In my opinion, peacekeeping missions can be effective, but they are not the best alternative in regions in conflict. Instead, a more proactive approach is needed. This approach involves working with local communities to address the root causes of conflict, such as poverty, inequality, and lack of access to resources. Additionally, a focus on conflict prevention and diplomacy can be more effective than peacekeeping missions, which are often reactive in nature.

In conclusion, peacekeeping missions are an essential tool in conflict resolution, but they are not a complete solution. To achieve lasting peace in conflict zones, we need to address the underlying issues that lead to violence and conflict. By working together, we can create a more peaceful and just world.

The belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need is called altruism. Altruism is the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others. Altruism can be seen as an ethical theory that states that people should put the interests of others before their own, or should act for the benefit of others, even at a cost to themselves.

Altruism has been studied extensively in psychology and sociology, and has been found to be an important component in many societies. It is linked to various prosocial behaviors such as donating to charity, volunteering, helping a stranger, or being kind to those in need.

People who are altruistic are more likely to act for the benefit of others even when there is no reward for doing so. Altruism has been linked to various psychological and social benefits, such as increased life satisfaction, reduced stress and anxiety, improved physical health, and stronger relationships.

Altruism has been found to be an important part of social capital, which is the resources that can be gained through social connections and relationships. Altruism is important because it helps build relationships, trust, and community in a society.

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Programs that focused on teaching victims personal safety skills, such as self-defense and assertiveness. That programs seemed to increase the likelihood that the victim would be able to reduce subsequent sexual victimizations.

Programs that provide advocacy, education, and direct services such as crisis intervention, counseling, and legal assistance have been shown to increase the likelihood that the victim will be able to reduce subsequent sexual victimizations. Programs that focus on promoting victim empowerment, healthy relationships, and sexual assertiveness training have been shown to increase the likelihood that a victim will be able to reduce subsequent sexual victimizations.

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In the Little Albert study, the rat served as the unconditioned stimulus, whereas the loud noise was the conditioned stimulus.

Here's a step-by-step explanation of the study and these terms:

1. The Little Albert study was an experiment conducted by psychologist John B. Watson and his graduate student Rosalie Rayner in 1920. The study aimed to demonstrate classical conditioning in humans, specifically how a fear response could be conditioned in a young child.

2. The experiment involved an 11-month-old boy named Albert, who was initially unafraid of a white rat. Watson and Rayner wanted to show that they could condition Albert to develop a fear of the rat.

3. The unconditioned stimulus (rat) is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior learning. In this case, the rat was an unconditioned stimulus because Albert did not have any initial fear response to it.

4. The conditioned stimulus (loud noise) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. In this experiment, Watson and Rayner used a loud noise as the conditioned stimulus, which was created by striking a steel bar with a hammer.

5. Watson and Rayner repeatedly presented the white rat to Albert and, at the same time, made the loud noise. This pairing of the unconditioned stimulus (rat) with the conditioned stimulus (loud noise) was designed to condition Albert to associate the rat with the noise, thereby eliciting a fear response.

6. After several pairings of the rat and the loud noise, Albert started to show signs of fear when presented with the rat alone, even without the loud noise. This demonstrated that the previously neutral stimulus (rat) had become a conditioned stimulus, capable of eliciting a conditioned response (fear) in Albert.

In summary, in the Little Albert study, the rat served as the unconditioned stimulus, while the loud noise was the conditioned stimulus. The experiment successfully demonstrated classical conditioning in humans, as Albert developed a fear response to the rat after it was paired with the loud noise.

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Based on our understanding of concepts and the way students learn them, Option (D) Direct object will be the most difficult for middle school students to learn.

A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. Direct objects assist us in creating more precise and detailed language. They make the object of the sentence much clearer.

Example: Amanda threw the ball. Amanda is the subject, threw is the verb, and ball is the direct object.

The other options Square (plane figures with four equal sides and four equal angles)Acid (solutions that taste sour)Democracy (government by people, usually by elected representatives, or a state so governed)Square, acid, and democracy are all subjects that the majority of middle school students would already know.

The idea of a direct object can be a little confusing because it involves understanding the role of nouns and verbs in sentences.

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Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called hallucinations.

What are hallucinations?

A hallucination is a sensory experience that occurs without an external sensory stimulus. An individual having a hallucination is perceiving something that does not exist in objective reality. Hallucinations are a significant symptom of psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are also common in drug-induced states, delirium, and other medical disorders.

The causes of hallucinations can include neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and substance use disorders. In some cases, medications can trigger hallucinations. For example, some people who take drugs called anticholinergics can experience hallucinations as a side effect.

Hallucinations can affect any of the five senses, although auditory hallucinations are the most common type. Other types of hallucinations include visual, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory. While hallucinations can be a symptom of a severe mental illness, many people who experience hallucinations do not have a mental health disorder.

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A combination of emotional concern, instrumental aid, information, and appraisal best describes social support. The correct answer is option A

Social support is the assistance, both tangible and intangible, that a person receives from family, friends, and other members of their community. This can include emotional support, such as listening to someone and offering comfort or sympathy, as well as instrumental aid, such as offering practical assistance in the form of money, resources, or advice. Social support can also include providing information and appraisals, such as offering guidance, making introductions, and helping someone identify opportunities for growth.

Social networks, on the other hand, are the relationships that people create with others and are not necessarily characterized by the same types of support. The social contract refers to the implicit agreement between individuals and the government regarding their rights and responsibilities, and social contacts are the acquaintances that people have.

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Among the provided options, the one that is  least likely to be an adaptation is individuals differences in the shape of earlobes.

This is because earlobe shape is determined by genetics and is not an adaptation to the environment. The other choices are all likely to be adaptations to the environment as they help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully.

For example, a desire for sweet and fatty foods is an adaptation because such foods are usually high in calories and therefore beneficial for survival.

Fear of snakes is an adaptation because it helps individuals avoid potential danger.

Finally, preferences for physically attractive mates is an adaptation because it allows individuals to pass on their genes more successfully.

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Ernest Hemingway was a physically strong, proud man who developed great concerns about his failing body. Depressed about his progressive illness, he intentionally ended his life, which Edwin Shneidman would term a "Thanatophile".

Thanatophilia is a term used to describe someone who has a fascination with death and dying, as well as an attraction to the macabre or gruesome. While Hemingway's suici-de may have been the result of depression and concerns about his illness, the fact that he intentionally took his own life could suggest a certain level of attraction to the idea of death.

Thus, it is stated that based on the information given, Edwin Shneidman would term Hemingway a "Thanatophile."

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Delivering coordinated, prompt, reliable, and actionable information to the whole community is an example of Public Information and Warning core capability.

Public Information and Warning is defined as the capability to deliver coordinated, prompt, reliable, and actionable information to the whole community through the use of clear, consistent, accessible, and culturally and linguistically appropriate methods.

This includes disseminating information to individuals, businesses, and governments during a disaster or emergency. It also includes providing warnings about potential disasters and informing people about how to best prepare for them.

Public Information and Warning is an important part of a community's overall emergency management plan as it helps to keep people informed and up to date on any potential hazards or risks.

In order to effectively utilize this core capability, information must be easily accessible and in a form that can be understood by the entire community.

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The best description of a psychoactive drug is B: "Intoxication is a primary effect."

Psychoactive drugs are substances that affect the brain and can alter mood, perception, behavior, and consciousness. They can be used for therapeutic purposes, but also can have negative consequences when abused. The primary effect of psychoactive drugs is to alter the brain's chemical balance, which can lead to feelings of intoxication or altered states of consciousness.

Some psychoactive drugs can also cause analgesia (pain relief), but this is not the primary effect of most psychoactive drugs. Prescription requirements for psychoactive drugs depend on the drug and the country in which it is being used.

So, the correct answer to this question is B:  "Intoxication is a primary effect."

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The critical first step in moving from phonemic awareness to the alphabetic principle and then to phonics instruction is to teach students to identify the individual sounds that make up spoken words.

Phonemic awareness and involves understanding that words are made up of individual speech sounds or phonemes. Once this concept is understood, students can then move on to the alphabetic principle. This principle helps children to recognize that each of the phonemes they hear in a spoken word has a corresponding letter or group of letters.

From here, they can learn phonics instruction, which involves understanding how to link letters with sounds and use this knowledge to read and spell words.

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After suffering a trauma, people commonly report nightmares, which can lead to long-term fears, increased irrational fears, and even diagnosed sleep disorders.

They can also help to reduce daytime fears.However, if the nightmares are persistent and significantly impact the individual's ability to sleep and function during the day, they may also lead to diagnosed sleep disorders, such as insomnia or sleep apnea.It's possible that nightmares can contribute to long-term fears and increase irrational fears in some individuals, especially if they are not addressed and processed in a healthy way. However, it's important to note that everyone's experience with trauma and nightmares can be different, and treatment and support can play a crucial role in managing and healing from these experiences.

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In a case whereby a sociologist specializing in deviance is called in to assess a culture she is not familiar with the thing she need to determine first is the norms of the society.

The norms of society are the unwritten rules or expectations that guide behavior within a particular culture or community. These norms vary from one society to another and can be influenced by factors such as geography, history, religion, and values.

Examples of social norms include Dress code whereby In some cultures, it is considered inappropriate to wear revealing clothing or clothing that displays certain symbols or slogans. Punctuality is another one whereby In some cultures, being on time is highly valued, while in others, arriving a few minutes late is considered acceptable.

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The client's aggressive response of throwing cards may be explained by a number of possible factors related to their personality disorder. One possible explanation is that individuals with personality disorders often have difficulty regulating their emotions, particularly in response to perceived threats or challenges to their sense of self or identity.

In this case, the client may have felt that the cheating behavior of the other client was a direct challenge to their own sense of fairness or justice. Their aggressive response of throwing cards may have been an attempt to assert their own dominance or control over the situation, or to punish the other client for their perceived transgression.

It's also possible that the client's aggressive response was triggered by feelings of anger or frustration related to their own past experiences of being cheated or betrayed. Individuals with personality disorders often have a history of interpersonal conflicts or trauma, which can leave them more vulnerable to emotional triggers and outbursts.

Overall, the aggressive response of throwing cards may be seen as a maladaptive coping mechanism, reflecting the client's difficulty in regulating their emotions and responding to challenging situations in a more adaptive way.

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Answer:

-greed of money desires

-higher levels of democracy,weak and civil participation and low political transparency.